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Introduction to
C Language

C language
in the browser

Handy App
Read it right next to your computer.
Book version bitter C
Read it right next to your computer.
Book version bitter C
Read it right next to your computer.
Book version bitter C
Read it right next to your computer.
Book version bitter C

Learning C the Hard Way

Target audience

Target audience
"苦Ｃ is targeted at beginners who genuinely want to learn the C language."
We recommend that people like that search the internet or visit a bookstore.
"This website's focus on explaining concepts from the very basics means it might be too detailed for those just looking for an overview."

Examples of synchronization
・大学・専門学校で出されたprogrammingの課題の答えが知りたい。
・知識として、C languageのことを知りたい。

Furthermore, this assumes the reader has a certain level of computer literacy.
Those who can do the following are sufficiently qualified.

Essential computer skills
・キーボードを使って、簡単な文章を作ることができる。
・Fileの、Save・copy・削除などができる。
・インターネットでFileのDownloadができる。

Naturally, you would use a keyboard to write C programs.
But the main task involves entering alphanumeric characters, and there's no need to type quickly.
Basically, as long as I can type characters, that's fine.

Don't you have a smartphone?
It's quite difficult to learn C or programming on smartphones or tablets.
It's very difficult to enter programs because the screen is small and there's no keyboard.
If you're studying programming, I highly recommend purchasing your own computer.


What kind of computer should I buy?
A low-priced computer will be fine.
Even a ¥30,000 computer (though it might be a bit slow) is perfectly capable of being used for learning programming.

ちなみに、筆者のオススメは中古のThinkPadis.
企業がまとめて数百台購入し、数year後に中古品として売り払うことがよく行われており
That's because even though they're outdated models, you can get high-performance computers at a significantly reduced price.
Also, ThinkPads have a very comfortable keyboard, making them ideal for learning programming.

The software used for Bitter Cider is obtained by downloading it from the internet.
Therefore, some level of internet access is necessary.

C language programs are text files.
To handle this, you'll need knowledge of file handling.


About This Site

Learning C language through suffering (Kushi C) is
This is the definitive introduction to the C language.
It systematically explains the basic functions of the C language.
The quality is equal to or higher than commercially available books.

Part 0: Program Overview
  1. What is a program?
Chapter 1: The World's Smallest Program
  1. A do-nothing program.
  2. A compiler is a translation software.
  3. Practice Problem 1
Chapter 2: How to Write Programs
  1. Rules of Writing
  2. Conventions of writing
  3. Practice Problem 2
Chapter 3: Displaying on the Screen
  1. String Display
  2. newline character
  3. Practice Problem 3
Chapter 4: Displaying and Calculating Numbers
  1. Display of numbers
  2. Basic calculations
  3. Numeric types
  4. Practice Problem 4
Chapter 5: Numerical Memory and Calculation
  1. Memorizing numbers.
  2. Types of Variables
  3. Type conversion
  4. Number formatting
  5. Practice Problem 5
Chapter 6: Input from the Keyboard
  1. input function
  2. The fear of input
  3. Practice Problem 6
Chapter 7: Comparison and Judgment
  1. Comparative sentences
  2. Comparison operators
  3. Execution of multiple processes
  4. Problem 7
Chapter 8: Performing Case-by-Case Processing
  1. Two cases
  2. Cases with three or more possibilities.
  3. Case by case basis
  4. Practice Problem 8
Chapter 9: Repeating a Fixed Number of Times
  1. Iterative sentence
  2. How Loops Work
  3. Practice Problem 9
Chapter 10: Repeating Without Knowing the Number of Times
  1. Unspecified loop
  2. Input validation
  3. Practice Problem 10
Chapter 11: How to Create Functions
  1. Creating custom functions
  2. Passing a number to a function.
  3. Return a number from a function.
  4. Practice Problem 11
Chapter 12: Variable Lifetime
  1. Variables with limited scope
  2. The last variable standing
  3. Variables that survive within a function
  4. Practice Problem 12
Chapter 13: Handling Multiple Variables at Once
  1. Handling multiple variables collectively.
  2. Arrays
  3. Practice Problem 13
Chapter 14: How to handle strings
  1. Handling Characters
  2. Ways to handle strings
  3. String manipulation functions
  4. Practice Problem 14
Chapter 15: How Pointer Variables Work
  1. The Mechanism of Memory
  2. Variables and Memory
  3. &付けが必要なvariableの正体
  4. Variable to store an address
  5. Let's try using pointer variables.
  6. Passing information through arguments
  7. &The Peculiar Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers
  8. Practice Problem 15
Chapter 16: Combining Multiple Types
  1. Combining variables of different types.
  2. Structure arguments
  3. Array of Structures
  4. Practice Problem 16
Chapter 17: Handling Files
  1. Reading and writing text files
  2. Reading and writing binary files
  3. Drug response
  4. Practice Problem 17
Chapter 18: Macro Functions
  1. Handling Immutable Values
  2. Constants by other means
  3. Implementing simple functions.
  4. Practice Problem 18
Chapter 19: Dynamic Arrays
  1. Create arrays freely.
  2. Practice Problem 19
Chapter 20: Multiple Source Files
  1. Minimal partitioning
  2. The Divide Principle
  3. Practice Problem 20