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Introduction to
C Language

C language
in the browser

Handy App
Read it right next to your computer.
Book version bitter C
Read it right next to your computer.
Book version bitter C
Read it right next to your computer.
Book version bitter C
Read it right next to your computer.
Book version bitter C
learn through sufferingC Language
learn through sufferingC Language

"Bitter C License"

About Usage
The author writes about learning C (referred to as "苦Ｃ" - "struggle C" - hereinafter).
We allow anyone to view it freely, regardless of their purpose (non-commercial or commercial).
Furthermore, regarding the sample programs within the troubled area,
You are free to use it for any purpose.
About the Author's Responsibility
The author is not responsible for any content, including but not limited to articles and sample programs.
You will not be held accountable for the consequences of its use.
Readers may only use the service if they are convinced of this.
Regarding a correction
The author is not responsible for any content, including but not limited to articles and sample programs.
even if they contained explicit errors,
We reserve the right to correct it, but do not obligate ourselves to do so.
About Links
The author covers all pages, including the top page and each content page, of Kuro C.
We allow direct linking from other websites, forums, books, etc.
However, the author does not guarantee that you will be able to access it at the current URL.
Due to the company providing the website space, or due to the author's personal circumstances,
In the future, if the URL for Ku-C changes, correcting the destination URL will be...
You will act as the administrator of the content that the link points to.
About Reproduction/Reposting
The author is not responsible for any content, including but not limited to articles and sample programs.
Regardless of the purpose, reproduction on other websites, forums, books, etc. is permitted.
However, in that case, please be sure to indicate that the content is a reproduction from Suffering C.

Please provide the text you want me to translate. I need the Japanese text to translate it into English.
C has its own rules for writing code, separate from the guidelines previously mentioned.
First, C is case-sensitive.
For example, in C, main, MAIN, and maIN are interpreted as completely different tokens.
(苦Ｃより転載)

You are also permitted to modify the content when re-sharing.
However, in that case, it should be clearly stated that the content is a derivative work modified from source C.
We hereby acknowledge that the author will incorporate the aforementioned changes into the original draft C.
About Distribution
The author covers all pages, including the top page and each content page, of Kuro C.
We hereby permit distribution to an unrestricted number of recipients, regardless of purpose or method.
Furthermore, in distribution utilizing computers,
We allow file format conversions with minimal alteration to the original text's expression.
However, no charge other than the actual costs such as communication fees shall be requested for distribution.
It is stipulated that the original must be clearly marked as damaged.
About Translation
The author covers all pages, including the top page and each content page, of Kuro C.
You are free to translate and distribute this into any other natural language, regardless of purpose or means.
However, in that case, the original remains in Japanese.
Please note that this translation may not perfectly capture the nuances of the original text.


About This Site

Learning C language through suffering (Kushi C) is
This is the definitive introduction to the C language.
It systematically explains the basic functions of the C language.
The quality is equal to or higher than commercially available books.

Part 0: Program Overview
  1. What is a program?
Chapter 1: The World's Smallest Program
  1. A do-nothing program.
  2. A compiler is a translation software.
  3. Practice Problem 1
Chapter 2: How to Write Programs
  1. Rules of Writing
  2. Conventions of writing
  3. Practice Problem 2
Chapter 3: Displaying on the Screen
  1. String Display
  2. newline character
  3. Practice Problem 3
Chapter 4: Displaying and Calculating Numbers
  1. Display of numbers
  2. Basic calculations
  3. Numeric types
  4. Practice Problem 4
Chapter 5: Numerical Memory and Calculation
  1. Memorizing numbers.
  2. Types of Variables
  3. Type conversion
  4. Number formatting
  5. Practice Problem 5
Chapter 6: Input from the Keyboard
  1. input function
  2. The fear of input
  3. Practice Problem 6
Chapter 7: Comparison and Judgment
  1. Comparative sentences
  2. Comparison operators
  3. Execution of multiple processes
  4. Problem 7
Chapter 8: Performing Case-by-Case Processing
  1. Two cases
  2. Cases with three or more possibilities.
  3. Case by case basis
  4. Practice Problem 8
Chapter 9: Repeating a Fixed Number of Times
  1. Iterative sentence
  2. How Loops Work
  3. Practice Problem 9
Chapter 10: Repeating Without Knowing the Number of Times
  1. Unspecified loop
  2. Input validation
  3. Practice Problem 10
Chapter 11: How to Create Functions
  1. Creating custom functions
  2. Passing a number to a function.
  3. Return a number from a function.
  4. Practice Problem 11
Chapter 12: Variable Lifetime
  1. Variables with limited scope
  2. The last variable standing
  3. Variables that survive within a function
  4. Practice Problem 12
Chapter 13: Handling Multiple Variables at Once
  1. Handling multiple variables collectively.
  2. Arrays
  3. Practice Problem 13
Chapter 14: How to handle strings
  1. Handling Characters
  2. Ways to handle strings
  3. String manipulation functions
  4. Practice Problem 14
Chapter 15: How Pointer Variables Work
  1. The Mechanism of Memory
  2. Variables and Memory
  3. &付けが必要なvariableの正体
  4. Variable to store an address
  5. Let's try using pointer variables.
  6. Passing information through arguments
  7. &The Peculiar Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers
  8. Practice Problem 15
Chapter 16: Combining Multiple Types
  1. Combining variables of different types.
  2. Structure arguments
  3. Array of Structures
  4. Practice Problem 16
Chapter 17: Handling Files
  1. Reading and writing text files
  2. Reading and writing binary files
  3. Drug response
  4. Practice Problem 17
Chapter 18: Macro Functions
  1. Handling Immutable Values
  2. Constants by other means
  3. Implementing simple functions.
  4. Practice Problem 18
Chapter 19: Dynamic Arrays
  1. Create arrays freely.
  2. Practice Problem 19
Chapter 20: Multiple Source Files
  1. Minimal partitioning
  2. The Divide Principle
  3. Practice Problem 20